信息与民主

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无国界记者(RSF)支持推动“信息与民主国际计画”,试图在全球信息通信空间中保障意见与表达自由。此计画的目的是在数位时代落实《世界人权宣言》第19条。

为期一年的国际动员:

 

 

 

 

已踏出历史性的三步:

 

 

×

Dear [Name of Candidate],

I am writing to ask you what you plan to do to defend the First Amendment, freedom of the press, and the fundamental rights of journalists to practice their profession freely in what has become an increasingly hostile environment for information and news providers.

The United States, which enshrines press freedom in the First Amendment of its Constitution, is currently witnessing a drastic decline in media freedom. On June 28, one of the most horrific attacks on press freedom in the United States occurred when five employees, including four reporters, were killed at the Capital Gazette newspaper in Annapolis, Maryland. According to the US Press Freedom Tracker, which comprehensively documents press freedom violations in the US committed by national, state, and local authorities as well as private individuals, 33 journalists were arrested, 43 were physically attacked, and 15 seizures of journalists’ equipment occurred in 2017. In one of these incidents, Rep. Greg / physically assaulted a Guardian journalist the night before his state’s election. While covering the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, journalists were impersonated on social media, impeding their ability to accurately investigate the facts and disseminate information which could be vital to preventing a similar tragedy. This hostility towards the press not only risks compromising the American public’s right to be informed through journalists’ reporting, but can also degrade the public’s trust in the media itself.

This is not a partisan issue; it is a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics. Journalism is at the crux of our democracy, and communities everywhere rely on journalists to provide them with information that is essential to their daily decision-making processes. It was local investigative journalist Curt Guyette who broke the story about Flint, Michigan’s lack of access to clean water in 2014, prompting years of class-action lawsuits, protests, and subsequent federal assistance to the city in order to try to resolve the crisis. Reporters Megan Twohey, Jodi Kantor, and Ronan Farrow publicized sexual assault allegations against influential Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein in 2017, leading to the ubiquitous and powerful #MeToo movement which brought decades of sexual abuse and harassment across multiple industries to light.

Yet freedom of the press in the US is currently in dire need of congressional support. It is our civic duty as one of the world’s leading democracies to uphold principles that support and protect the rights of journalists so that they may hold those in power accountable and ensure an informed and engaged community.

If you are elected, what do you plan to do to protect this utterly essential component of our democracy? What are your plans to protect the public’s right to be informed through a free and independent press?

Sincerely,
[Your name]

×

Hello, my name is _______ and I am from [city, state].

I’m calling to let you know that [candidate/representative]'s stance on freedom of the press is extremely important in my decision to vote. I feel that this is not a partisan issue, but a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics.

I have become increasingly concerned with the growing climate of hostility for journalists in this country, and I would like for [candidate/representative] to publicly address what they will do to defend press freedom if [he/she] is elected.

Thank you.

×

Freedom of the press is suffering in the US. @[yourcandidate] if you are elected to serve in Congress, what are your plans to protect journalists and our right to be informed? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

Democracy depends on a free and independent press and its ability to hold those in power accountable. [@yourcandidate] will you take measures to protect journalism and the First Amendment? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

In June, four reporters were murdered in an appalling targeted attack on the Capital Gazette and freedom of the press. [@yourcandidate] what will you do to address the growing threat to journalists in this country? #DefendPressFreedom

Press freedom is in steady decline in the US. I want my representative to defend the work of journalists as well as my right to be informed. [@yourcandidate] if you are elected what will you do to protect a free press? #DefendPressFreedom

×

Journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. And yet in the US, attacks on journalists are becoming more common, undermining the media's role and creating opportunities for government overreach, the erosion of press freedom, and impeding our right to be informed. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join me at DefendPressFreedom.com

A free press is essential to our democracy. Communities everywhere rely on journalists to report on our government’s actions and hold public figures accountable, providing us with the information we need to make decisions every day. And yet physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists in the US are increasing at an astonishing rate. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. You should too. Read more at DefendPressFreedom.com

Press freedom is declining in the US at an alarming rate. Physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists have increased drastically in the last two years. As the US midterm elections approach, we must remind our congressional candidates that journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. I’m contacting my representatives and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join in and help me spread the word at DefendPressFreedom.com
 

×

Stay updated on #DefendPressFreedom

* indicates required


 
 

 

 

建立信息与民主委员会

2018年11月,无国界记者召集信息与民主国际委员会,该委员会由来自18个不同国家、不同背景(诺贝尔奖得主、新兴技术专家、记者、前国际组织总监等)的25位人士组成。

此委员会于2018年11月5日发表“信息与民主国际宣言”,概述管理国际信息通信空间的基本原则。

国家元首和政府首长的承诺

在第一届巴黎和平论坛(2018年11月)期间,十二名国家政府领导人承诺根据“信息与民主宣言”启动政治程序。这项初步承诺将促成“信息与民主国际合作协议”。

 

建立新实体以落实相关原则:

×

Dear [Name of Candidate],

I am writing to ask you what you plan to do to defend the First Amendment, freedom of the press, and the fundamental rights of journalists to practice their profession freely in what has become an increasingly hostile environment for information and news providers.

The United States, which enshrines press freedom in the First Amendment of its Constitution, is currently witnessing a drastic decline in media freedom. On June 28, one of the most horrific attacks on press freedom in the United States occurred when five employees, including four reporters, were killed at the Capital Gazette newspaper in Annapolis, Maryland. According to the US Press Freedom Tracker, which comprehensively documents press freedom violations in the US committed by national, state, and local authorities as well as private individuals, 33 journalists were arrested, 43 were physically attacked, and 15 seizures of journalists’ equipment occurred in 2017. In one of these incidents, Rep. Greg Gianforte physically assaulted a Guardian journalist the night before his state’s election. While covering the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, journalists were impersonated on social media, impeding their ability to accurately investigate the facts and disseminate information which could be vital to preventing a similar tragedy. This hostility towards the press not only risks compromising the American public’s right to be informed through journalists’ reporting, but can also degrade the public’s trust in the media itself.

This is not a partisan issue; it is a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics. Journalism is at the crux of our democracy, and communities everywhere rely on journalists to provide them with information that is essential to their daily decision-making processes. It was local investigative journalist Curt Guyette who broke the story about Flint, Michigan’s lack of access to clean water in 2014, prompting years of class-action lawsuits, protests, and subsequent federal assistance to the city in order to try to resolve the crisis. Reporters Megan Twohey, Jodi Kantor, and Ronan Farrow publicized sexual assault allegations against influential Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein in 2017, leading to the ubiquitous and powerful #MeToo movement which brought decades of sexual abuse and harassment across multiple industries to light.

Yet freedom of the press in the US is currently in dire need of congressional support. It is our civic duty as one of the world’s leading democracies to uphold principles that support and protect the rights of journalists so that they may hold those in power accountable and ensure an informed and engaged community.

If you are elected, what do you plan to do to protect this utterly essential component of our democracy? What are your plans to protect the public’s right to be informed through a free and independent press?

Sincerely,
[Your name]

×

Hello, my name is _______ and I am from [city, state].

I’m calling to let you know that [candidate/representative]'s stance on freedom of the press is extremely important in my decision to vote. I feel that this is not a partisan issue, but a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics.

I have become increasingly concerned with the growing climate of hostility for journalists in this country, and I would like for [candidate/representative] to publicly address what they will do to defend press freedom if [he/she] is elected.

Thank you.

×

Freedom of the press is suffering in the US. @[yourcandidate] if you are elected to serve in Congress, what are your plans to protect journalists and our right to be informed? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

Democracy depends on a free and independent press and its ability to hold those in power accountable. [@yourcandidate] will you take measures to protect journalism and the First Amendment? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

In June, four reporters were murdered in an appalling targeted attack on the Capital Gazette and freedom of the press. [@yourcandidate] what will you do to address the growing threat to journalists in this country? #DefendPressFreedom

Press freedom is in steady decline in the US. I want my representative to defend the work of journalists as well as my right to be informed. [@yourcandidate] if you are elected what will you do to protect a free press? #DefendPressFreedom

×

Journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. And yet in the US, attacks on journalists are becoming more common, undermining the media's role and creating opportunities for government overreach, the erosion of press freedom, and impeding our right to be informed. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join me at DefendPressFreedom.com

A free press is essential to our democracy. Communities everywhere rely on journalists to report on our government’s actions and hold public figures accountable, providing us with the information we need to make decisions every day. And yet physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists in the US are increasing at an astonishing rate. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. You should too. Read more at DefendPressFreedom.com

Press freedom is declining in the US at an alarming rate. Physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists have increased drastically in the last two years. As the US midterm elections approach, we must remind our congressional candidates that journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. I’m contacting my representatives and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join in and help me spread the word at DefendPressFreedom.com
 

×

Stay updated on #DefendPressFreedom

* indicates required


 
 

信息与民主国际论坛

该宣言要求召集围绕同一目标的不同关系人成立新组织,其目标为:落实全球信息通信空间的基本原则,以保障意见与表达自由并强化民主。

 

此论坛:

  • 由公民社会建立和管理,以确保完全独立于政府和私营公司;
  • 根据“信息与民主国际宣言”赋予明确使命;
  • 具备必要手段评估信息通信空间的规范与架构、拟定给所有关系人的建议、促进具体解决方案的实施,并维持信息的独立、多元与可靠。

 

获得联合国秘书长古特雷斯支持: 

“我要赞扬贵组织成立信息与民主委员会的倡议。如今正值新资讯交流传播方式改变世界的关键时刻。因此,获取可靠的相关信息较以往更加重要。然而,它正遭受越来越多的威胁(...)如今我们更须重申在信息充分、多元化和尊重彼此的情况下公开进行严谨讨论之重要性。感谢各位协助在前领路。”

 

 

×

Dear [Name of Candidate],

I am writing to ask you what you plan to do to defend the First Amendment, freedom of the press, and the fundamental rights of journalists to practice their profession freely in what has become an increasingly hostile environment for information and news providers.

The United States, which enshrines press freedom in the First Amendment of its Constitution, is currently witnessing a drastic decline in media freedom. On June 28, one of the most horrific attacks on press freedom in the United States occurred when five employees, including four reporters, were killed at the Capital Gazette newspaper in Annapolis, Maryland. According to the US Press Freedom Tracker, which comprehensively documents press freedom violations in the US committed by national, state, and local authorities as well as private individuals, 33 journalists were arrested, 43 were physically attacked, and 15 seizures of journalists’ equipment occurred in 2017. In one of these incidents, Rep. Greg Gianforte physically assaulted a Guardian journalist the night before his state’s election. While covering the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, journalists were impersonated on social media, impeding their ability to accurately investigate the facts and disseminate information which could be vital to preventing a similar tragedy. This hostility towards the press not only risks compromising the American public’s right to be informed through journalists’ reporting, but can also degrade the public’s trust in the media itself.

This is not a partisan issue; it is a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics. Journalism is at the crux of our democracy, and communities everywhere rely on journalists to provide them with information that is essential to their daily decision-making processes. It was local investigative journalist Curt Guyette who broke the story about Flint, Michigan’s lack of access to clean water in 2014, prompting years of class-action lawsuits, protests, and subsequent federal assistance to the city in order to try to resolve the crisis. Reporters Megan Twohey, Jodi Kantor, and Ronan Farrow publicized sexual assault allegations against influential Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein in 2017, leading to the ubiquitous and powerful #MeToo movement which brought decades of sexual abuse and harassment across multiple industries to light.

Yet freedom of the press in the US is currently in dire need of congressional support. It is our civic duty as one of the world’s leading democracies to uphold principles that support and protect the rights of journalists so that they may hold those in power accountable and ensure an informed and engaged community.

If you are elected, what do you plan to do to protect this utterly essential component of our democracy? What are your plans to protect the public’s right to be informed through a free and independent press?

Sincerely,
[Your name]

×

Hello, my name is _______ and I am from [city, state].

I’m calling to let you know that [candidate/representative]'s stance on freedom of the press is extremely important in my decision to vote. I feel that this is not a partisan issue, but a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics.

I have become increasingly concerned with the growing climate of hostility for journalists in this country, and I would like for [candidate/representative] to publicly address what they will do to defend press freedom if [he/she] is elected.

Thank you.

×

Freedom of the press is suffering in the US. @[yourcandidate] if you are elected to serve in Congress, what are your plans to protect journalists and our right to be informed? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

Democracy depends on a free and independent press and its ability to hold those in power accountable. [@yourcandidate] will you take measures to protect journalism and the First Amendment? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

In June, four reporters were murdered in an appalling targeted attack on the Capital Gazette and freedom of the press. [@yourcandidate] what will you do to address the growing threat to journalists in this country? #DefendPressFreedom

Press freedom is in steady decline in the US. I want my representative to defend the work of journalists as well as my right to be informed. [@yourcandidate] if you are elected what will you do to protect a free press? #DefendPressFreedom

×

Journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. And yet in the US, attacks on journalists are becoming more common, undermining the media's role and creating opportunities for government overreach, the erosion of press freedom, and impeding our right to be informed. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join me at DefendPressFreedom.com

A free press is essential to our democracy. Communities everywhere rely on journalists to report on our government’s actions and hold public figures accountable, providing us with the information we need to make decisions every day. And yet physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists in the US are increasing at an astonishing rate. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. You should too. Read more at DefendPressFreedom.com

Press freedom is declining in the US at an alarming rate. Physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists have increased drastically in the last two years. As the US midterm elections approach, we must remind our congressional candidates that journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. I’m contacting my representatives and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join in and help me spread the word at DefendPressFreedom.com
 

×

Stay updated on #DefendPressFreedom

* indicates required


 
 

委员会

信息与民主国际委员会

联合国大会于巴黎通过《世界人权宣言》七十年后,“民主国家出现信任危机,专制政权的影响力与日俱增,对自由、公民社会和谐与和平构成重大威胁”,在此情况下,无国界记者召集信息与民主国际委员会采取行动。

政治势力控制全球化公共空间的信息、私人利益集团的影响、逃避民主控管的企业行动者权力日增及优质新闻地位受损,这些都是导致前述情况的主要原因。

信息与民主委员会于2018年9月11日召开首次会议,由无国界记者(RSF)秘书长德洛瓦(Christophe Deloire)和诺贝尔和平奖得主艾巴迪(Shirin Ebadi)共同担任主席。

根据其使命声明“宣言的功能是说明原则、为决策者界定目标并提出管理形式”,且“必须阐明人权,特别是与表达自由、新闻道德原则、技术研发和使用的道德准则相关者,并为公私部门的决策者提供指导方针”

 

信息与民主国际委员会的成员如下:

 

宣言

“信息与民主国际宣言”为全球信息通信空间确立基本原则,其序言将该空间定义为“人类的公共财产”,并指出管理此空间“为全人类应透过民主机构承担的责任”

这份六页长的文件发布于2018年11月5日,在公共空间已全球化、数字化和动荡不安的时代,提出对信息自由、独立、多元和可靠的民主保证 [至此阅读宣言]。

 

宣言共分为五部分:

  • 序言:全球信息通信空间--人类的公共财产
  • 原则
  • 建立信息通信方式、架构和规范的实体
  • 媒体与新闻
  • 迈向信息与民主的国际架构

 

阅读宣言

政治承诺

宣言发布数日后,在第一届巴黎和平论坛期间,12国于2018年11月11日对信息与民主委员会发出的呼吁作出回应,该委员会由无国界记者秘书长德洛瓦和诺贝尔和平奖得主艾巴迪担任主席。

布基纳法索、加拿大、哥斯达黎加、丹麦、法国、拉脱维亚、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、挪威、塞内加尔、瑞士和突尼斯的领导人承诺启动政治程序以落实宣言原则。

 

 

 

联合国教科文组织秘书长阿祖莱(Audrey Azoulay)、欧洲理事会秘书长亚格兰(Thorbjørn Jagland)及联合国秘书长古特雷斯(Antonio Guterres)也在这场活动中表态支持。

古特雷斯认为这项倡议的提出“正值新资讯交流传播方式改变世界的关键时刻。因此,获取可靠的相关信息较以往更加重要”

此后,约有二十国著手推动“信息与民主国际合作协议”。此合作协议应于2019年底前签署,并将落实巴黎和平论坛期间作出的初步承诺。

此合作协议是由抱持相同民主价值与全球信息通信空间愿景的国家所议定。

各国政府元首的支持:

“在《世界人权宣言》通过70年后,如今我们正站在重要的转捩点上,言论自由支撑着民主制度,我们原以为自己所取得的进步不会倒退,但实际上这项自由又再次受到威胁质疑。我支持您的倡议,赞同根据今日呈交的宣言议定系列任务、尝试尽可能让其他国家加入前述任务,并就此主题设立国际专家小组,因为没有自由就没有幸福,没有勇气就没有自由。你们决定善尽自己的责任,我认为我们这些国家政府领导人也应如此。因此,我想在此表示法国将全力支持这项工作,我要感谢今天在座的各位国家元首和政府首长,我知道他们也将负起这项责任。”

马克龙(Emmanuel Macron)

“建立在表达自由上的全球通信信息空间至关重要。如果没有言论自由和真正的通信信息空间,法治就岌岌可危,人们精心建立的机构恐遭破坏。”

索尔贝格(Erna Solberg)

“在非洲,确保记者获得保护、创造条件让此程序正确进行的决心日益坚定。我全力支持信息与民主公约。”

萨勒(Macky Sall)

“我们来到这里告诉您:是的,我们赞成这项倡议,而未来将为我们提供证明。”

埃塞卜西(Beji Caïd Essebsi)

“我们需要支持对强健、独立、让公民抱有信心的媒体之需求,加拿大承诺通过无国界记者发起的委员会捍卫新闻自由。”

特鲁多(Justin Trudeau)

“多元性和意见自由必须得到保障。获取事实性的资料和知识是一项基本权利,尤其是对实际事件的了解。”

阿尔瓦拉多(Carlos Alvarado)

合作协议

31个联合国会员国在今日的联合国大会上签署“信息与民主国际合作协议”,这项历史性的政府间协议由无国界记者(RSF)发起,以在在线公共领域推展民主原则。

得益于无国界记者的信息与民主计画,这份协议于纽约完成签署,为全球在线信息通信空间的民主保证措施之实行开路。 [阅读合作协议]

在“信息与民主国际合作协议”中,31个签署国*承诺将促进自由独立报导、多元可靠新闻与信息的在线存取。该协议确立民主原则,包括演算法的政治、意识形态和宗教中立性及其运作方式透明度,并强调互联网服务供应商有责推广值得信赖的内容和多元性,以避免目前的“信息混乱”。

50多位外长和20名代表团代表今日出席联合国“多边主义联盟”设立活动,无国界记者秘书长德洛瓦向其发出呼吁:“如果民主国家不制定规则,私人利益集团和独裁者就会替我们代劳(...)在线信息通信空间的管理者将是他们而非国会(...)这就是我们之所以着手重建可适应数位时代的民主保障体系之故。”

信息与民主国际委员会由德洛瓦与诺贝尔和平奖得主艾巴迪共同担任主席,于2018年9月11日召开首次会议,并于11月初发表“信息与民主宣言”。该宣言迅速赢得12位国家政府领导人的支持,并受到联合国秘书长古特雷斯、联合国教科文组织秘书长阿祖莱与欧洲理事会秘书长亚格兰的赞扬。

在法国总统马克龙(Emmanuel Macron)的倡议下,委员会的宣言启动政治程序,并于2019年8月在比亚里茨获得G7的一致支持后送交联合国大会。

德洛瓦表示:“这项国际协议是向前迈进的一大步。此计画由公民社会发起,并得到韩国、哥斯达黎加、加拿大和突尼斯等地区拥护者的支持。这项态势强大的计画将可取得在线平台支持,这些平台握有决定在线公共空间运作方式的权力,因此需要承担重责。”

为推动协议的实行,无国界记者设立信息与民主论坛,负责提出监管和自律所依据的原则,合作协议的内容赞扬无国界记者所做工作。此一新成立的组织将由公民社会主导。

无国界记者倡议部主管费里雍(Thomas Friang)表示,“论坛的管理原则将保证其独立性,并确保政府、网路平台和媒体等所有关系人都能加入讨论,以推动适当形式的监管和自律。”

该论坛由独立组织联盟于11月中旬在巴黎成立。

*签署国名单:

  • 南非
  • 德国*
  • 安道尔*
  • 澳洲
  • 贝宁*
  • 保加利亚*
  • 加拿大
  • 智利*
  • 韩国
  • 哥斯达黎加*
  • 克罗地亚*
  • 丹麦*
  • 芬兰*
  • 法国*
  • 印度
  • 意大利
  • 拉脱维亚
  • 黎巴嫩
  • 列支敦斯登 *
  • 立陶宛*
  • 马耳他*
  • 黑山*
  • 挪威*
  • 荷兰
  • 捷克*
  • 塞内加尔
  • 西班牙
  • 瑞典*
  • 瑞士*
  • 突尼斯 *
  • 英国

*现场出席“多边主义联盟”活动签署合作协议的国家

论坛

根据该宣言,我们必须建立新的反思和行动架构,以因应数字时代全球信息通信空间所面临的挑战。

“信息与民主论坛”此独立的国际组织将集合政府、公民社会、媒体与数字平台,彻底讨论监管与自律解决方案以确保数字时代的民主防护措施。此为无国界记者(RSF)所领导的信息与民主国际计画其中一部分。 [论坛网站在此]

无国界记者与其公民社会伙伴合作,并聚集不同类型的关系人(政府、互联网服务供应商、媒体组织和公民社会),带头建立“信息与民主国际论坛”此一新实体。

这个新组织将由公民社会组织管理,以确保其独立于国家和私人实体。其使命如下:

  • 评估全球信息通信空间的工具、规范与架构
  • 调查平台是否遵守合作协议的原则及其实行情况
  • 为政府和互联网服务供应商(即数字平台)拟定不具约束力的建议,藉由规范或良好实务管理此全球空间
  • 促使此空间的行动者提出自律解决方案
  • 就资讯产业中可行的商业模式提出支持性解决方案和前瞻性政策建议,以维持新闻业的存续

该论坛为总部位于巴黎的非营利组织,由公民社会和学术界的独立组织所创建管理。

此组织获得G7领导人的支持,并受到在联合国大会(2019年9月26日)期间签署“信息与民主国际合作协议”的30国所欢迎。

其任务为落实这份政府间协议的原则。

多元关系人取径

工作小组在秘书处的协助下拟定建议,再交由指导委员会确认。其后,论坛的建议便可发给不同的关系人团体。

  • 加入“信息与民主合作协议”的国家将收到改善全球信息通信空间管理建议。
  • 互联网服务供应商将收到如何执行管控或根据合作协议原则启动自动管控的建议。 
  • 媒体组织将得知论坛提出的所有政策建议(管控/自动管控),以提出意见并就相关建议的对应实施计划提供其观点。
  • 其他非政府组织和公民社会总体将参与论坛的程序,特别是评论建议及关系人实施建议的情况。

所有关系人将齐聚年度全体会议。此会议的目的为发表论坛年度政策报告及其主要建议,并宣布政府或互联网服务供应商根据论坛建议所采取的措施。

具体建议与解决方案

国际专家组成的不同论坛工作小组将提供:

  • 给公共决策者的政策建议原则与保障措施。
  • 给私部门(平台与媒体)的自律标准与最佳实务。
  • 促进和推广论坛建议的相关计画及解决方案。
  • 论坛的年度政策报告,其监看项目如下:
    • 全球信息通信空间的工具、规范与架构;
    • 平台遵守合作协议原则的状况;

向前迈进 

  • 信息与民主论坛成立 - 2019年11月12日
  • 召集将参与论坛活动的关系人。
  • 在信息与民主国际委员会的参与下制定工作计划
  • 由不同领域的国际专家组成第一批工作小组。论坛常设秘书处将协助其工作。
  • 在2020年底前筹办第一次年度全体会议,召集所有关系人检视建议和承诺。

论坛创始成员

   
   
   
     

信息与民主论坛就如何中止“信息传染病”提出250项建议

在新冠肺炎流行期间,虚假或遭到操弄的信息持续在网上扩散,信息与民主论坛发表题为“如何终结信息传染病”(How to end infodemics)的报告。该报告以国际专家提供的100多份意见为基础,就如何遏制威胁民主和人权(包括健康权)的现象提出250项建议。

信息与民主论坛于2019年由11个非政府组织和研究中心共同发起,并于6月成立信息传染病工作小组,负责设计“监管架构”以应对在线平台和社群媒体上的信息混乱现象。该小组由瑞萨(Maria Ressa)和沙克(Marietje Schaake)共同担任指导委员会主席,在五个月的工作后发表一份详尽报告,其中包含250项给政府和数字平台的建议。 

这份由Delphine Halgand-Mishra带领的报告人团队所撰写报告指出四项结构性挑战,并对各项挑战提出具体解决方案: 

  • 平台透明度
  • 内容审核
  • 推广可靠新闻资讯
  • 私人传讯服务

在6月26日的多边主义联盟会议上,论坛主席德洛瓦向近50位外长介绍工作小组,许多联盟成员国在会中表达自己的支持,世界卫生组织秘书长谭德塞(Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus)和联合国教科文组织秘书长阿祖莱也出席这场会议。

在巴黎和平论坛期间,联盟于11月12日举行另一场会议,德洛瓦在会中向联盟各国外长介绍信息与民主论坛报告及其主要建议。

德洛瓦表示:“资讯混乱对我们的民主体制构成致命威胁,这份报告证明结构性解决方案可终结此情况。所有采取立法措施管制平台者都应遵循这份报告的指引,无论是印度的第79条、美国的第230条、加拿大的《数字宪章》(Digital Charter)、英国的《在线危害法》(Online Harms Bill),当然还有欧盟的《数字服务法》(Digital Services Act)。”

指导委员会共同主席瑞萨表示:“很荣幸能与众多学科的专家合作,这正是我们现在所需要的。这个时代较以往更能看出信息就是力量,当谎言比事实传播得更快,人们的一切努力都将受到威胁。民主和新闻正面临生死存亡的关头。这是寻找系统性全球解决方案而明确向前踏出的一步。”

指导委员会的另一名共同主席沙克解释道,“民主正受到威胁,缺乏信任或彻底的操弄所涉及的信息渐增。如要使民主存续,就必须从私营公司和专制政府手中夺回数字世界的治理权。民主领袖现在就必须负起责任,维护民主、人权和基本自由。”


工作小组的十二项主要建议

需采行公共管制以使互联网服务供应商符合透明度要求。

  1. 透明度要求应与公共资讯生态系统中所有平台的核心功能相关联:内容审核、内容排名、内容比对及建立社会影响力。
  2. 负责执行透明度要求之监管机构应具有强健的民主监督和稽核程序。
  3. 对违规行为的制裁可包括巨额罚金、以横幅形式强制宣传、执行长连带责任及行政制裁,如禁止进入某国市场。

需建立内容审核的元管制新模式。

  1. 平台应遵循一套依据国际人权法的内容审核人权原则:合法性、必要性和相称性、正当性、平等和零歧视。
  2. 在营运的不同司法管辖区内,平台应承担与广播机构相同的义务确保多元性。例如自愿公平原则。
  3. 平台应增加审核员人数,并将最低百分比的收益用于提高内容审核的质量(尤其是在处境危险的国家)。

需开辟设计平台的新取径。

  1. 数字架构与软体工程的安全及字质量标准应由数字标准执行机构负责执行。信息与民主论坛可就该机构的运作方式展开可行性研究。
  2. 应禁止平台出现利益冲突,以避免信息通信空间受到商业、政治或任何其他利益的支配或影响。
  3. 应依据“新闻信任计画”等自律标准界定共同监管架构,以推广公益新闻内容;并应增加阻力以减缓潜在有害的病毒性内容传播。

封闭式传讯服务进入公共空间时,应在服务中建立防护措施。

  1. 应限制某些功能,以采行措施限制误导性内容的病毒式传播;选择是否要接收群组讯息的功能,以及打击大量传讯和自动化行为的措施。
  2. 应要求互联网服务供应商更妥善地告知使用者所收到信息的来源,尤其应标示已转发的信息。
  3. 应加强使用者通报非法内容的机制,以及遭禁止使用服务时的上诉机制。

指导委员会成员

  • Maria Ressa(共同主席):记者、菲律宾调查网站Rappler执行长。 《时代》杂志2018年度风云人物。信息与民主委员会成员。
  • Marietje Schaake(共同主席):前欧洲议会议员(2009 - 2019)。现任史丹福网路政策中心(Stanford Cyber Policy Center)国际政策主任及网络和平研究所(Cyber Peace Institute)所长。
  • Sinan Aral:麻省理工学院管理、行销、信息科技和资料科学David Austin教授、麻省理工学院数位经济计画(IDE)主持人、Manifest Capital创始合伙人。 《宣传机器》(The Hype Machine)一书作者。
  • Julia Cagé:民主与媒体主题畅销书的作者。巴黎政治学院经济学助理教授、公共政策科际整合评鉴实验室(LIEPP)“评鉴民主”研究小组共同负责人。专攻发展经济学、政治经济学和经济史。
  • Ronald Deibert:多伦多大学孟克全球事务与公共政策学院政治学教授兼公民实验室主任。 OpenNet Initiative和Information Warfare Monitor计画的共同创始人和首席研究员。
  • Camille François:Graphika创新长,带领公司进行侦测不实资讯与媒体操弄并减轻其影响的工作。曾任Jigsaw首席研究员。
  • Roukaya Kasenally:African Media Initiative执行长。毛里求斯大学媒体与政治体系副教授。非洲可持续民主选举研究所(Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa)主席。
  • David Kaye:前联合国促进和保护意见及表达自由权特别报告员。加州大学尔湾分校法学院法律临床教授。
  • Edison Lanza:律师、泛美人权委员会(Inter-American Commission on Human Rights)前言论自由特别报告员。曾领导及创立多个非政府组织捍卫表达自由权。
  • Roger McNamee:《Zucked: Waking Up to the Facebook Catastrophe》一书作者、科技创业投资家。 Elevation Partners创始合伙人。 Facebook前投资人。
  • 村井纯:庆应义塾大学特聘教授。庆应义塾大学网络文明研究中心(Cyber Civilization Research Center)共同负责人。日本大学UNIX网络(JUNET)和WIDE计划创始人。被誉为“日本互联网之父”。
  • Peter Pomerantsev:记者、作家和电视制作人。伦敦政治经济学院全球事务研究所客座资深研究员。约翰霍普金斯大学Agora Institute资深研究员。
  • Julie Posetti:国际记者中心(International Center for Journalists)全球研究总监。曾任路透新闻学研究所资深研究员及新闻创新计画(Journalism Innovation Project)主管。
  • Anya Schiffrin:前记者、哥伦比亚大学国际与公共事务学院科技、媒体与传播专业主任、国际与公共事务学院讲师。
  • Vivian Schiller:阿斯本研究所(Aspen Institute)的Aspen Digital计画执行总监。 NPR前总裁兼执行长、Civil Foundation创会执行长。无国界记者美国分部董事。
  • Wolfgang Schulz:洪堡互联网与社会研究所(Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society)所长。汉堡大学法学院信息与通信学科讲师。 Hans-Bredow Institut理事会成员。
  • Christopher Wylie:资料科学家,也是举发剑桥分析(Cambridge Analytica)和Facebook的吹哨者。名列《时代》杂志全球百大影响力人物和《富比世》30位30岁以下杰出人物(30 Under 30)。畅销书《Mindf*ck 心智操控【剑桥分析技术大公开】》(Mindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world)作者。

联络人

一般问题:计画专员 Camille Grenier(cgrenier(a)ltpszjrkmr.oedi.net)

媒体联系:Pauline Adès-Mével - (padesmevel(a)ltpszjrkmr.oedi.net - 07 82 37 23 12)

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